Responses of enteric bacteria to environmental stresses in seawater
نویسندگان
چکیده
The effects of different environmental factors (nutrient deprivation, hyperosmotic shock, exposure to light) on enteric bacteria which have been transferred into the marine environment, have been studied experimentally (microcosms) by considering demographic, physiological and genetic responses in Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium populations. Short-term experiments (I 48 h) showed that nutrient deprivation induced limited changes in measured bacteriological variables, but when combined with hyperosmotic shock, it results in an energy charge decrease and inactivation of membrane transport. Light exposure mainly affects the colony-forming capacity of bacterial populations. Combining different stress factors confirmed the rapid appearance of a viable, but nonculturable state (VBNC) in populations of E. coli and S. typhimurium. It has been shown that cellular forms other than those previously described in the literature can be generated following incubation in seawater. It was also established that pre-adaptation phenomena may occur, leading to better survival (e.g. pre-incubation in seawater in darkness enhanced survival under light exposure). An explanation concerning these phenomena can be found by looking at the rpoS gene which controls the expression of numerous genes and can trigger a general anti-stress response under different adverse conditions. Although the results provide better comprehension of the fate of enteric bacteria in the marine environment, they also raise numerous questions related to fundamental and applied problems, given in the conclusion of this paper. 0 Elsevier, Paris enteric bacteria / seawater / physiology / cellular states / genetics Resume RCponses des batteries d’origine enterique aux stress environnementaux en milieu marin. Les effets de differents facteurs environnementaux (carence nutritive, choc hyperosmotique, exposition & la lumiere) auxquels sont confrontees les batteries enteriques rejetees dans le milieu marin ont CtC etudies exptrimentalement (microcosmes) en considerant les reponses demographiques, physiologiques et genetiques des populations d’Escherichia coli ou de Salmonella typhimurium. A court terme (I 48 h), la settle carence nutritive induit des modifications limitees des variables mesurees alors que, combinee au choc hyperosmotique, elle aboutit notamment 2i une diminution de la charge energetique et a l’inactivation des transports membranaires. L’exposition B la lumiere contribue surtout a une t&s forte inhibition de la capacite a former des colonies des populations bacttriennes. La combinaison des differents stress a confirme l’apparition rapide d’un Ctat viable non cultivable dans les populations bacteriennes de E. coli et S. typhimurium. 11 a Cte montre que des ttats cellulaires, autres que ceux precedemment decrits dans la litterature. peuvent &tre engendres au tours de l’incubation dans I’eau de mer. 11 s’est avert+ Cgalement que des phenomenes de preadaptation peuvent se produire et conduire a une amelioration de la survie (e.g., une incubation prealable dans de l’eau de mer a l’obscurid ameliore la survie a une exposition a la lumiere). Ces phenomenes trouvent leur otigine dans l’expression du gene rpoS qui regule celle de nombreux autres Oceanologica Acta 0399 1784198/06/O Elsevier, Paris 965 M. TROUSSELLIER et al. @es permettant de dCclencher une rkponse antistress g&n&ale pour diffdrents types d’inducteurs. Si les rCsultats obtenus permettent de mieux comprendre le devenir des ent&obactCries dans le milieu marin, ils posent aussi de nombreuses questions qui peuvent dCboucher sur diffkrentes probltmatiques GnalisCes et fondamentales qui sont &oquCes dans la conclusion de cet article. 0 Elsevier, Paris entirobactkries / eau de merl physiologie I ktats cellulaires 1 g6rktique
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تاریخ انتشار 1998